Florida

2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: North American Geography

State of Florida

Flag of Florida Seal of Florida Nickname(s): Sunshine State Motto(s): In God We Trust
Official language(s)	English
Capital	Tallahassee
Largest city	Jacksonville
Area	Ranked 22nd
- Total	65,794 sq mi (170,451 km²)
- Width	162 miles (260 km)
- Length	497 miles (800 km)
- % water	17.9
- Latitude	24°30'N to 31°N
- Longitude	79°48'W to 87°38'W
Population	Ranked 4th
- Total ( 2000)	15,982,378
- Density	301/sq mi  116.3/km² (8th)
- Median income	$40,171 (36th)
Elevation
- Highest point	Britton Hill 345 ft  (105 m)
- Mean	98 ft  (30 m)
- Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean 0 ft  (0 m)
Admission to Union	March 3, 1845 (27th)
Governor	Jeb Bush (R)
U.S. Senators	Bill Nelson (D) Mel Martinez (R)
Time zones
- peninsula	Eastern: UTC-5/ DST-4
- panhandle	Central: UTC-6/ DST-5
Abbreviations	FL US-FL
Web site	www.myflorida.com

Florida is a state located in the southeastern United States. Most of the state is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico on its west and the Atlantic Ocean on its east. It has a warm and humid subtropical climate. It was named by Juan Ponce de León, who landed on the coast on April 2, 1513, during Pascua Florida (Spanish for "Flowery Easter," referring to the Easter season). Florida's economy relies heavily on tourism.

Geography

Florida is situated mostly on a large peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. It extends to the northwest into a panhandle, extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near the countries of the Caribbean, particularly the Bahamas and Cuba.

At 345 feet (105 m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state. Contrary to popular belief, however, Florida is not entirely "flat." Some places, such as Clearwater, feature vistas that rise 50 to 100 feet (15–30 m) above the water. Much of the interior of Florida, typically 25 miles (40 km) or more away from the coastline, features rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 feet (30–76 m) in many locations. Lake County holds the highest point of peninsular Florida, Sugarloaf Mountain, at 312 feet (95 m).

Areas under control by the National Park Service include:

• Big Cypress National Preserve, near Lake Okeechobee
• Biscayne National Park, near Key Biscayne
• Canaveral National Seashore, near Titusville
• Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, in St. Augustine
• De Soto National Memorial, in Bradenton
• Dry Tortugas National Park, at Key West
• Everglades National Park
• Fort Caroline National Memorial, at Jacksonville
• Fort Matanzas National Monument, in St. Augustine
• Gulf Islands National Seashore, near Gulf Breeze
• Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, in Jacksonville

Areas under the control of the USDA United States Forest Service include:

• Apalachicola National Forest along the east bank of the Apalachicola River,
• Choctawhatchee National Forest near Niceville,
• Ocala National Forest in Central Florida, and
• Osceola National Forest in Northeast Florida.

See also List of Florida state parks

Boundaries

The state line begins in the Atlantic Ocean, traveling west, south, and north up the thalweg of the Saint Mary's River. At the origin of that river, it then follows a straight line nearly due west and slightly north, to the point where the confluence of the Flint River (from Georgia) and the Chattahoochee River (down the Alabama/Georgia line) used to form Florida's Apalachicola River. (Since Woodruff Dam was built, this point has been under Lake Seminole.) The border with Georgia continues north through the lake for a short distance up the former thalweg of the Chattahoochee, then with Alabama runs due west along latitude 31°N to the Perdido River, then south along its thalweg to the Gulf via Perdido Bay.

Climate

The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by its proximity to water. Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate, except for the southern tip which borders on tropical and the Florida Keys which have a true tropical climate. Cold fronts can occasionally bring high winds and cool to cold temperatures to the entire state during late fall and winter. One such front swept through the peninsula on November 25, 1996, bringing cold temperatures and winds up to 95 miles per hour (150 km/h), knocking out power to thousands and damaging mobile homes. The seasons in Florida are actually determined more by precipitation than by temperature with mild to cool, relatively dry winters and autumns (the dry season) and hot, wet springs and summers (the wet season). The Gulf Stream has a moderating effect on the climate, and although much of Florida commonly sees a high summer temperature over 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32 °C), the mercury seldom exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit (39 °C). The hottest temperature ever recorded in the state was 109 °F (43 °C), set on June 29, 1931 in Monticello. The coldest was –2°F (−19 °C), on February 13, 1899, just 25 miles (40 km) away, in Tallahassee. Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–35 °C). Mean low temperatures for late January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to the mid-50s (≈13 °C) in southern Florida.

The Florida Keys, being surrounded by water, have a more tropical climate, with lesser variability in temperatures. At Key West, temperatures rarely exceed 90 °F in the summer or fall below 60 °F in the winter, and frost has never been reported in the Keys.

Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State," but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has the highest average precipitation of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in most of the state from late spring until early autumn. A fair day may be interrupted with a storm, only to return to sunshine. These thunderstorms, caused by collisions between airflow from the Gulf of Mexico and airflow from the Atlantic Ocean, pop up in the early afternoon and can bring heavy downpours, high winds, and sometimes tornadoes. Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per square mile, but these tornadoes do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms.

Snow is a rare occurrence in Florida. During the Great Blizzard of 1899, Florida experienced blizzard conditions. During that time, the Tampa Bay Area had "gulf-effect" snow, similar to lake-effect snow. The Great Blizzard of 1899 is the only time the temperature in the state is known to have fallen below 0 degrees Fahrenheit (−18 °C). The most widespread snowfall in Florida history happened in February 1978, when snow fell over much of the state in different times of the month, as far south as Homestead. Snow flurries fell on Miami Beach for the only time in recorded history. 1982's " Cold Sunday," which saw freezing conditions throughout much of the country, ruined that year's orange crops. In 1989, a severe hard freeze created lots of ice and also caused minor flurries in sections of the state and resulted in rolling blackouts from power failures caused by massive demands on the power grid for heating. A hard freeze in 2003 brought "ocean-effect" snow flurries to the Atlantic coast as far south as Cape Canaveral.

The 1993 Superstorm brought blizzard conditions to the panhandle, while heavy rain and tornadoes beset the peninsula. The storm is believed to have been similar in composition to a hurricane, and even brought storm surges of six feet or more to regions of the Gulf coast.

Although some storms have formed out of season, hurricanes pose a threat during hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to November 30. Florida saw a slew of destruction in 2004, when it was hit by a record four hurricanes. Hurricanes Charley ( August 13), Frances ( September 4– 5), Ivan ( September 16), and Jeanne ( September 25– 26) cumulatively cost the state's economy US$42 billion. In 2005, Hurricane Dennis ( July 10) became the fifth storm to strike Florida within eleven months. Later, Hurricane Katrina ( August 25) passed through South Florida and Hurricane Rita ( September 20) swept through the Florida Keys. Hurricane Wilma made landfall in Florida in the early morning of October 24 as a Category 3 hurricane, with the storm's eye hitting near Cape Romano, just south of Marco Island, according to the National Hurricane Centre.

Florida was the site of the second costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, Hurricane Andrew, which caused more than US$25 billion in damage when it struck on August 24, 1992. In a long list of other infamous hurricane strikes are the 1926 Great Miami Hurricane, the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of 1928, the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, Hurricane Donna in 1960, and Hurricane Opal in 1995.

Environmental issues

Florida is the fifth-largest producer of greenhouse gases among the 50 U.S. states. This may coincide with the fact that Florida is the fourth most populous state in the United States. Climatologists and scientists debate whether global warming is to blame for an increase in the number of strong hurricanes. Others debate whether global warming actually exists. The scientists Peter Webster and Judith Curry of the Georgia Institute of Technology published research in 2005 showing an increase in global hurricane intensity, with a doubling of the number of Category 4 or 5 hurricanes since 1970. That increase coincides with a rise of nearly 1 degree Fahrenheit in ocean surface temperatures. They argue that there is a connection, while Florida's state climatologist, James O'Brien, argues the increase in stronger storms is merely part of a natural cycle.

Other than fiercer hurricanes, global warming is predicted to have a number of destructive effects on Florida:

In fact, scientists have already observed changes in Florida consistent with the early effects of global warming: retreating and eroding shorelines, dying coral reefs, saltwater intrusion into inland freshwater aquifers, an upswing in forest fires, and warmer air and sea-surface temperatures.

The greatest threat from global warming is a rise in sea levels. Much of Florida, being only a few feet above sea level now, would be underwater if the sea level rose dramatically due to the continued melting of glaciers, parts of the Antarctic ice shelf, or Greenland's cover of ice. Even a rise of less than a foot could mean "seawater will advance inland as much as 400 feet in low-lying areas, flooding shoreline homes and hotels, limiting future development, and eroding the state's beloved beaches."

History

Archaeological finds indicate that Florida had been inhabited for thousands of years before any European settlements. Of the many indigenous people, the largest known were the Ais, the Apalachee, the Calusa, the Timucua and the Tocobago tribes. Juan Ponce de León, a Spanish conquistador, named Florida in honour of his discovery of the land on April 2, 1513, during Pascua Florida, a Spanish term for the Easter season. From that date forward, the land became known as "La Florida." (Juan Ponce de León may not have been the first European to reach Florida. At least one Indian that he encountered in Florida in 1513 could speak Spanish.. Alternatively, the Spanish-speaking Indian could have been in contact with areas where Spanish settlements already existed, and Ponce de León was indeed the discoverer).

Over the following century, both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Spanish Pensacola was established by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano as the first European settlement in the continental United States, but it had become abandoned by 1561 and would not be reinhabited until the 1690s. French Huguenots founded Fort Caroline in modern-day Jacksonville in 1564, but this fort was conquered by forces from the new Spanish colony of St. Augustine the following year. After Huguenot leader Jean Ribault had learned of the new Spanish threat, he launched an expedition to sack the Spanish settlement; en route, however, severe storms at sea waylaid the expedition, which consisted of most of the colony's men, allowing St. Augustine founder Pedro Menéndez de Avilés time to march his men over land and conquer Fort Caroline. Most of the Huguenots were slaughtered, and Menéndez de Avilés marched south and captured the survivors of the wrecked French fleet, ordering all but a few Catholics executed beside a river subsequently called Matanzas (Spanish for 'killings'). St. Augustine came to serve as the capitals of the British and Spanish colonies of East and West Florida, respectively. The Spanish never had a firm hold on Florida, and maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the local tribes, briefly with Jesuits and later with Franciscan friars. The local leaders ( caciques) demonstrated their loyalty to the Spanish by converting to Roman Catholicism and welcoming the Franciscan priests into their villages.

The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English colonies to the north and French colonies to the west. The English weakened Spanish power in the area by supplying their Creek Indian allies with firearms and urging them to raid the Timucuan and Apalachee client-tribes of the Spanish. The English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times, while the citizens hid behind the walls of the Castillo de San Marcos. The Spanish, meanwhile, encouraged slaves to flee the English-held Carolinas and come to Florida, where they were converted to Roman Catholicism and given freedom. They settled in a buffer community north of St. Augustine, called Gracie Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, the first completely black settlement in what would become the United States. Great Britain gained control of Florida diplomatically in 1763 through the Peace of Paris (the Castillo de San Marcos surrendered for the first time, having never been taken militarily). Britain tried to develop Florida through the importation of immigrants for labor, including some from Minorca and Greece, but this project ultimately failed. Spain regained Florida after Britain's defeat by the American colonies and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles (1783). Finally, in 1819, by terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to the United States in exchange for the American renunciation of any claims on Texas. On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. On January 10, 1861, before the formal outbreak of the Civil War, Florida seceded from the Union; ten days later, the state became a founding member of the Confederate States of America. The war ended in 1865. On June 25, 1868, Florida's congressional representation was restored. Until the mid-twentieth century, Florida was the least populous Southern state; however, the local climate, tempered by the growing availability of air conditioning, made the state a haven, and migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased the population. Economic prosperity combined with Florida's sudden elevation in profile led to the Florida land boom of the 1920s, which brought a brief period of intense land development before the Great Depression brought it all to a halt. Florida's economy would not fully recover until World War II. Today, Florida is the most populous state in the South besides Texas, and the fourth most populous in the United States.

Government

Presidential elections results

Year	Republican	Democratic
2004	52.10% 3,964,522	47.09% 3,583,544
2000	48.85% 2,912,790	48.84% 2,912,253
1996	42.32% 2,244,536	48.02% 2,546,870
1992	40.89% 2,173,310	39.00% 2,072,698
1988	60.87% 2,618,885	38.51% 1,656,701
1984	65.32% 2,730,350	34.66% 1,448,816
1980	55.52% 2,046,951	38.50% 1,419,475
1976	46.64% 1,469,531	51.93% 1,636,000
1972	71.91% 1,857,759	27.80% 718,117
1968	40.53% 886,804	30.93% 676,794
1964	48.85% 905,941	51.15% 948,540
1960	51.51% 795,476	48.49% 748,700

The basic structure, duties, function, and operations of the government of the State of Florida are defined and established by the Florida Constitution, which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people. The state government consists of three separate branches: judicial, executive, and legislative. The legislature enacts bills, which, if signed by the governor, become Florida Statutes.

The Florida Legislature is comprised of the Florida Senate, which has 40 members, and the Florida House of Representatives, which has 120 members. The current Governor of Florida] is Republican Jeb Bush, brother of U.S. President George W. Bush and son of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush. The Florida Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Justices.

Florida was traditionally a Democratic Party state; at one time, 68.5 percent of all Floridians were registered Democrats. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the realignment of the " Solid South" has led many conservative Democrats of Florida to vote with the Republican Party. This tendency, combined with explosive population growth, which has brought many Republicans into the state, has given Florida a Republican edge in practice. As a result, Republicans control the governorship and most other statewide elective offices: both houses of the state legislature, 18 of the state's 25 seats in the House of Representatives, and one of the state's two Senate seats. The disputed 2000 Presidential election in Florida was extremely close. Because of the state's population and number of electoral votes, political analysts consider it to be a key swing state in presidential elections. The Tampa area, once a major centre of Democratic union support, is now almost evenly split between registered Republicans and Democrats, making it part of the important I-4 Corridor swing region.

Economy

The gross state product of Florida in 2005 was $596 billion . Personal income was $30,098 per capita, ranking 26^th in the nation.

Florida's economy relies heavily on tourism. About 60 million visitors visit the state every year. Warm weather and hundreds of miles of beach attract vacationers from around the world. The Walt Disney World Resort, a mega-resort consisting of four theme parks, more than twenty hotels, water parks, shopping centers, and other attractions, is an important tourist attraction located in Lake Buena Vista. Together, Walt Disney World, and other theme park resorts such as Universal Orlando Resort and SeaWorld, are an important driver of the Central Florida economy.

Other major industries include citrus fruit and juice production, banking, and phosphate mining within the Bone Valley region. With the arrival of the space program at Kennedy Space Centre in the 1960s, Florida has developed a sizeable aerospace industry. The state did not have a state minimum wage law until November 2, 2004, when voters passed a constitutional amendment establishing a state minimum wage and mandating that it be adjusted for inflation every six months.

Historically, Florida's economy was based upon cattle farming and agriculture (especially sugarcane, citrus, tomatoes, and strawberries). In the early 1900, land speculators discovered Florida, and Plant and Henry Flagler developed railway systems, which led people to move in, drawn by the weather and local economies. From then on, tourism boomed, fueling a cycle of development and tourism that overwhelmed a great deal of farmland.

In 2004 and 2005, key industries along the west coast—commercial fishing and water-based tourist activities (sports fishing and diving)—were threatened by outbreaks of red tide, a discoloration of seawater caused by an efflorescence of toxin-producing dinoflagellates.

Florida is one of the nine states that do not impose a personal income tax ( list of others). The state imposes a tax on "intangible personal property" (stocks, bonds, mutual funds, money market funds, etc.), but this tax will be abolished in 2007. The state sales tax rate is 6% . Local governments may levy an additional local option sales tax of up to 1.5%. A locale's use-tax rate is the same as its sales-tax rate, including local options, if any. Use taxes are payable for purchases made out of state and brought into Florida within six months of the purchase date. Other taxes are mostly levied on businesses. They include the following taxes: corporate income, communication services, intangibles, unemployment, solid waste, documentary stamps, insurance premium, pollutants, and various fuel taxes. For more information, visit the Florida Department of Revenue website at .

Demographics

The centre of population of Florida is located in Polk County, in the town of Lake Wales .

Race and ancestry

Demographics of Florida (csv)
By race	White	Black	AIAN	Asian	NHPI
AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native   -   NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
2000 (total population)	82.45%	15.66%	0.75%	2.11%	0.16%
2000 (Hispanic only)	15.94%	0.74%	0.14%	0.09%	0.03%
2005 (total population)	81.47%	16.31%	0.84%	2.52%	0.18%
2005 (Hispanic only)	18.48%	0.87%	0.21%	0.11%	0.04%
Growth 2000-2005 (total population)	9.99%	15.93%	23.95%	33.09%	29.08%
Growth 2000-2005 (non-Hispanic only)	5.43%	15.23%	15.67%	32.55%	24.49%
Growth 2000-2005 (Hispanic only)	28.99%	29.93%	58.98%	45.89%	45.66%

The largest reported ancestries in the 2000 Census were German (11.8%), Irish (10.3%), English (9.2%), American (8%) and Italian (6.3%).

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%±
1830	34,730	-
1840	54,477	56.9%
1850	87,445	60.5%
1860	140,424	60.6%
1870	187,748	33.7%
1880	269,493	43.5%
1890	391,422	45.2%
1900	528,542	35.0%
1910	752,619	42.4%
1920	968,470	28.7%
1930	1,468,211	51.6%
1940	1,897,414	29.2%
1950	2,771,305	46.1%
1960	4,951,560	78.7%
1970	6,789,443	37.1%
1980	9,746,324	43.6%
1990	12,937,926	32.7%
2000	15,982,378	23.5%

Before the American Civil War, when slavery was legal, and during the Reconstruction era that followed, African Americans made up nearly half of the state's population. Their proportion declined over the next century, as many moved north in the Great Migration while large numbers of northern whites moved to the state. Recently, the state's proportion of black residents has begun to grow again. Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern Florida (notably in Jacksonville, Gainesville and Pensacola), the Tampa Bay area, and South Florida (where their numbers have been bolstered by significant immigration from Haiti and Jamaica).

Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Tampa and Orlando, and Central American migrant workers in inland West-Central and South Florida. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile: between the years of 2000 and 2004, Lee County in southwest Florida, which is largely suburban in character, had the fastest Hispanic population growth rate of any county in the United States.

Whites of all ethnicities are present in all areas of the state. Those of British ancestry are present in large numbers in the coastal cities. There is a large German population in Southwest Florida, a sizeable and historic Italian community in the Miami area, and white Floridians of longer-present generations in the culturally southern areas of inland and northern Florida. Native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, affectionately referred to themselves as " Florida Crackers."

Persons from Florida are known properly as "Floridians" or as "Floridans".

Languages

As of 2000, 76.9 percent of Florida residents age 5 and older speak only English at home, while 16.5 percent speak Spanish. Haitian Creole is the third most spoken language at 2.2 percent, followed by German at 0.6 percent and Italian at 0.4 percent.

Article II, Section 9, of the Florida Constitution provides that "English is the official language of the State of Florida." This provision was adopted in 1988 by a vote following an Initiative Petition.

Religion

Florida is mostly Protestant, with a Roman Catholic community that is growing because of immigration. There is also a sizable Jewish community, located mainly in South Florida; no other Southern state has such a large Jewish population. Florida's current religious affiliations are shown in the table below:

• Christian, 82%
  • Protestant, 54%
    • Baptist, 19%
    • Methodist, 6%
    • Presbyterian, 4%
    • Episcopal, 3%
    • Lutheran, 3%
    • Pentecostal, 3%
    • Other Protestant, 16%
  • Roman Catholic, 26%
  • Other Christian, 2%
• Jewish, 4%
• Other Religions, 1%
• Non-Religious, 13%

Education

Florida's public primary and secondary schools are administered by the Florida Department of Education.

Florida's public-school revenue per student and spending per $1000 of personal income usually rank in the bottom 25 percent of U.S. states. Average teacher salaries rank near the middle of U.S. states.

Florida public schools have consistently ranked in the bottom 25 percent of many national surveys and average test-score rankings. Many education surveys are not scientific, but measure prestige. Governor Jeb Bush has been criticized by many Florida educators for a program that penalizes underperforming schools (as indicated by standardized tests, most prominently the FCAT) with fewer funding dollars. Supporters say the program's tough measures have resulted in vast improvements to the education system. Major testing organizations frequently discount the use of state's average test-score rankings, or any average of scaled scores, as a valid metric (for details on scaled test scores, see psychometrics).

In 2000, the governor and the state legislature abolished the Florida Board of Regents, which long had governed the State University System of Florida, and created boards of trustees to govern each university. As is typical of executive-appointed government boards, the appointees so far have overwhelmingly belonged to the governor's party. This effect has not been without controversy. In 2002, former governor and then U.S. Senator Bob Graham ( Dem.) led a constitutional-amendment ballot referendum designed to restore the board-of-regents system. Voters responded by creating the Florida Board of Governors; however, each university still maintains a Board of Trustees which work under this new, overseeing Board of Governors.

Transportation

Highways

Florida's interstates, state highways and U.S. Highways are maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation.

Florida's interstate highway system contains 1,473 miles (2,371 km) of highway, and there are 9,934 miles (15,987 km) of non-interstate highway in the state, such as Florida state highways and U.S. Highways.

Florida's primary interstate routes include:

• I-4, which bisects the state, connecting Tampa, Lakeland, Orlando, and Daytona Beach, having junctions with I-95 at Daytona Beach and I-75 at Tampa.
• I-10, which traverses the panhandle, connecting Jacksonville, Lake City, Tallahassee and Pensacola, having junctions with I-95 at Jacksonville and I-75 at Lake City.
• I-75, which enters the state near Lake City (45 miles west of Jacksonville) and continues southward through Gainesville, Ocala, Tampa's eastern suburbs, Bradenton, Sarasota, and Fort Myers to Naples, where it crosses the "Alligator Alley" as a toll road to Fort Lauderdale before turning southward and terminating in Hialeah/ Miami Lakes having junctions with I-10 at Lake City and I-4 at Tampa.
• I-95, which enters the state near Jacksonville and continues along the Atlantic Coast through Daytona Beach, Melbourne/Titusville, Palm Bay, Vero Beach, Fort Pierce, Port Saint Lucie, Stuart, West Palm Beach, and Ft. Lauderdale before terminating in Miami, having junctions with I-10 at Jacksonville and I-4 at Daytona Beach.

Florida's secondary interstate routes include:

• I-110, a spur from I-10 into downtown Pensacola.
• I-175, which connects I-275 to southern downtown St. Petersburg.
• I-195, an extension of Miami's Airport Expressway ( S.R. 112); a spur eastward from I-95 to Miami Beach.
• I-275, a sixty-mile (100 km) westward loop from I-75 north of Ellenton, over the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, through St. Petersburg, to Tampa International Airport and downtown Tampa, reconnecting with I-75 in Tampa's northern suburbs.
• I-295, a partial beltway around Jacksonville that will loop completely around the city by 2007.
• I-375, which connects I-275 to northern downtown St. Petersburg.
• I-395, an extension of Miami's Dolphin Expressway ( S.R. 836); a spur eastward from I-95 to Miami Beach.
• I-595, which connects I-75, I-95, Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport and Port Everglades.

Florida has several toll roads, totaling 515 miles (830 km) of the state highway system. Major toll roads include:

• I-75, as it passes through the Everglades between Naples and Fort Lauderdale has been grandfathered as a toll road from its original construction as S.R. 84
• Florida's Turnpike, which begins at Interstate 75 south of Ocala and continues southeast through Orlando, Port Saint Lucie, and south through the western suburbs of Fort Lauderdale and Miami to Homestead

For more information about the myriad secondary toll expressways in Florida, see articles detailing roads maintained by the Florida Turnpike Authority, the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority, and the Orlando-Orange County Expressway Authority.

Intercity rail

In 2000, voters approved a constitutional amendment to construct a high-speed rail system to interconnect Florida's major cities. A committee was formed by the Florida Legislature to oversee the project; however, in 2004, Governor Jeb Bush and other lawmakers pushed for an amendment to remove the amendment, which succeeded. They stated that the cost would have been too high to construct the system, but proponents of the system said the claims regarding high cost were exaggerated and taken out of context, compared with the cost of building roads, maintaining automobiles, and so forth. The Florida High Speed Rail Authority, originally formed to implement the high-speed-rail amendment, has vowed to find a way to implement the system without the amendment.

Amtrak service exists in Florida: Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Amtrak Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, DC. Orlando is also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami.

Public transportation

Public transportation systems exist in many major cities. Miami has an automated guideway people-mover system, as well as a 22-mile metro system, and most cities have bus service. In the South Florida Metropolitan area, train service is provided by Tri-Rail; this service has a southern terminus in Miami and a northern terminus in West Palm Beach. It has been proposed that the northern terminus be extended north as far as Stuart in Martin County, but no progress has been made. Tri-Rail provides local bus service from its stations.

Greyhound provides commercial bus service between different cities in Florida.

Airports

Florida's major international airports, which processed more than 15 million passengers in 2005, are Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (22,390,285), Miami International Airport (31,008,453), Orlando International Airport (34,128,048) and Tampa International Airport (19,045,390).

Secondary airports, with annual passenger traffic exceeding 5 million in 2005, include Jacksonville International Airport (5,741,652), Palm Beach International Airport (West Palm Beach) (7,014,237) and Southwest Florida International Airport (Fort Myers) (7,518,169).

Other smaller, regional airports with commercial service (with passengers served in 2005, where available) include those at Daytona Beach (615,841), Fort Walton Beach, Gainesville (345,788), Key West, Melbourne (466,367) , Naples, Panama City (382,551), Pensacola (1,638,605), Sarasota-Bradenton (1,337,571), St. Petersburg-Clearwater (596,510) and Tallahassee (1,129,947). Sanford (1,649,237) is primarily served by international charter airlines.

Metropolitan areas

Florida has nineteen Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Thirty-eight of Florida's sixty-seven counties are in an MSA. Reflecting the distribution of population in Florida, Metropolitan areas in the state are concentrated around the coast of the peninsula. They form a continuous band on the east coast of Florida, stretching from the Jacksonville MSA to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach MSA, including nearly every county on the east coast, with the exceptions of Flagler County and Monroe County. There is also a continuous band of MSAs on the west coast of the peninsula from the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA to the Naples-Marco Island MSA, including all of the coastal counties from Hernando County to Collier County. The interior of the northern half of the peninsula also has several MSAs, connecting the east and west coast MSAs. A few MSAs are scattered across the Florida panhandle.

	Metropolitan Statistical Areas	2005 Population
	Cape Coral-Fort Myers Metropolitan Statistical Area	549,442
	Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area	494,649
	Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area	188,939
	Gainesville Metropolitan Statistical Area	256,985
	Jacksonville Metropolitan Statistical Area	1,277,763
	Lakeland Metropolitan Statistical Area	541,840
	Miami-Ft.Lauderdale-West Palm Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area	5,422,200
	Naples-Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area	317,788
	Ocala Metropolitan Statistical Area	304,926
	Orlando-Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area	1,861,707
	Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area	531,970
	Panama City-Lynn Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area	161,721
	Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area	439,877
	Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce Metropolitan Statistical Area	381,033
	Punta Gorda Metropolitan Statistical Area	154,030
	Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice Metropolitan Statistical Area	673,035
	Sebastian-Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area	130,043
	Tallahassee Metropolitan Statistical Area	334,886
	Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area	2,589,637

Important cities and towns

City Population > 700,000 Jacksonville City Population > 300,000 Miami Tampa City Population > 200,000 Hialeah Orlando St. Petersburg City Population > 100,000 Cape Coral Clearwater Coral Springs Fort Lauderdale Gainesville Hollywood Miami Gardens Pembroke Pines Miramar Palm Bay Port Saint Lucie Pompano Beach Tallahassee City Population > 75,000 Boca Raton Brandon Davie Deltona Kendall Lakeland Melbourne Miami Beach Plantation Sunrise West Palm Beach

City Population > 50,000 Boynton Beach Bradenton Daytona Beach Deerfield Beach Delray Beach Fort Myers Fountainbleau Kendale Lakes Kissimmee Largo Lauderhill Margate North Miami North Miami Beach Palm Coast Palm Harbour Pensacola Port Orange Sarasota Spring Hill Tamarac Tamiami Town 'n' Country Weston City Population > 25,000 Altamonte Springs Aventura Apopka Bartow Bonita Springs Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Gables De Land Dunedin

East Lake Egypt Lake-Leto Fort Pierce Greater Carrollwood Greenacres Hallandale Beach Homestead Jupiter Kendall West Key West Lake Magdalene Lake Worth Lauderdale Lakes Lehigh Acres North Fort Myers North Lauderdale Ocala Ocoee Oakland Park Ormond Beach Oviedo Palm Beach Gardens Panama City Pinellas Park Plant City Port Charlotte Riviera Beach Royal Palm Beach Sanford South Fort Myers Titusville University Wellington Westchester Winter Haven Winter Park Winter Springs

Professional sports teams

Although Florida is the traditional home to Major League Baseball's spring training, and nearly 2/3 of all MLB teams still have a spring training presence in the state, Florida did not have a permanent major-league-level professional sports team until the American Football League added the Miami Dolphins in 1966. The state now has three NFL teams, two MLB teams, two NBA teams, and two NHL teams. With two of its most historically-important teams, Florida is one of the most important markets for the Arena Football League. Florida also hosts a variety of minor league baseball, football, basketball, ice hockey, soccer and indoor football teams.

Club	Sport	League
Jacksonville Jaguars	Football	National Football League
Tampa Bay Buccaneers	Football	National Football League
Miami Dolphins	Football	National Football League
Orlando Magic	Basketball	National Basketball Association
Miami Heat	Basketball	National Basketball Association
Tampa Bay Lightning	Ice hockey	National Hockey League
Florida Panthers	Ice hockey	National Hockey League
Tampa Bay Devil Rays	Baseball	Major League Baseball
Florida Marlins	Baseball	Major League Baseball
Orlando Predators	Arena football	Arena Football League
Tampa Bay Storm	Arena football	Arena Football League
Brevard County Manatees	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Clearwater Threshers	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Daytona Cubs	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Dunedin Blue Jays	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Fort Myers Miracle	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Jacksonville Suns	Baseball	Minor League Baseball
Jupiter Hammerheads	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Lakeland Tigers	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Sarasota Reds	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
St. Lucie Mets	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Tampa Yankees	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Palm Beach Cardinals	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Vero Beach Dodgers	Baseball	Minor League Baseball Florida State League
Miami FC	Soccer	USL First Division
Ajax Orlando Prospects	Soccer	USL Premier Development League
Bradenton Academics	Soccer	USL Premier Development League
Central Florida Kraze	Soccer	USL Premier Development League
Cocoa Expos	Soccer	USL Premier Development League
Palm Beach Pumas	Soccer	USL Premier Development League
Bradenton Athletics	Soccer	W-League
Central Florida Krush	Soccer	W-League
Cocoa Expos	Soccer	W-League
Central Florida Strikers	Soccer	Women’s Premier Soccer League
Miami Surf	Soccer	Women’s Premier Soccer League
Orlando Falcons	Soccer	Women’s Premier Soccer League
Palm Beach United	Soccer	Women’s Premier Soccer League
South Florida Breeze	Soccer	Women’s Premier Soccer League
Tampa Bay United	Soccer	Women’s Premier Soccer League
Florida Everblades	Ice hockey	East Coast Hockey League
Florida Seals	Ice hockey	Southern Professional Hockey League
Jacksonville Barracudas	Ice hockey	Southern Professional Hockey League
Pensacola Ice Pilots	Ice hockey	East Coast Hockey League
Orlando Aces	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Palm Beach Imperials	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Pensacola Aviators	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Jacksonville Jam	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Tampa Bay Strong Dogs	Basketball	American Basketball Association

Spring training

Florida is the traditional home for Major League Baseball spring training, with teams informally organized into the " Grapefruit League." As of 2004, Florida hosts the following major league teams for spring training:

Club	Location
Atlanta Braves	Walt Disney World
Baltimore Orioles	Fort Lauderdale
Boston Red Sox	Fort Myers
Cincinnati Reds	Sarasota
Cleveland Indians	Winter Haven
Detroit Tigers	Lakeland
Florida Marlins	Jupiter
Houston Astros	Kissimmee
Los Angeles Dodgers	Vero Beach
Minnesota Twins	Fort Myers
New York Mets	Port St. Lucie
New York Yankees	Tampa
Philadelphia Phillies	Clearwater
Pittsburgh Pirates	Bradenton
Saint Louis Cardinals	Jupiter
Tampa Bay Devil Rays	St. Petersburg
Toronto Blue Jays	Dunedin
Washington Nationals	Viera

Auto-racing tracks

• Daytona International Speedway
• Homestead-Miami Speedway
• Sebring Raceway
• St. Petersburg Raceway

State symbols

• Nickname: "The Sunshine State"
• State Motto: "In God we trust"
• State Bird: Mockingbird
• State Flower: Orange blossom - (Citrus sinensis)
• State Insect: Zebra Longwing Butterfly
• State Song: " Old Folks at Home ( Suwannee River)" by Stephen C. Foster
• State Tree: Sabal Palm
• State Reptile: American Alligator
• State Animal: Florida Panther
• State Marine Mammal: West Indian Manatee
• State Saltwater Mammal: Dolphin
• State Drink: Orange juice
• State Fruit: Orange
• State Shell: Horse Conch (The great band shell)
• State Saltwater Fish: Sailfish
• State Freshwater Fish: Florida Largemouth Bass
• State Pie: Key lime pie
• State Gem: Moonstone

Fauna

Florida is host to many types of animals.

• Marine Animals : Bottlenose Dolphin, Pilot Whale, Northern Right Whale, Manatee
• Reptilians : Alligator, Crocodile, Eastern Diamondback and Pygmy Rattlesnakes, Gopher Tortoise, Green & Leatherback Sea Turtles, Indigo Snake
• Mammals : Panther, Whitetail Deer, Key Deer, Bobcats, Southern Black Bear, Armadillos
• Birds : Bald Eagle, Caracca, Everglades Kite, Osprey, Pelicans, Sea Gulls, Whooping & Sandhill Cranes, Roseate Spoonbill, Florida Scrub Jay (State endemic), and many more. Note : Florida is a winter home for most of eastern North America's birds.