16th century

2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: General history

Millennium: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium
Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century
Decades: 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600.

See also: 16th century in literature

Events

Martin Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529)
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Martin Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529)

1500s

  • 1500s: Mississippian culture disappears.
  • 1500: Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal.
  • 1501: Safavid dynasty rules Iran until 1736.
  • 1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three or four years later.
  • 1509: The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade.

1510s

  • 1514: The Battle of Orsha halts Muscovy's expansion into Eastern Europe.
  • 1515: The Ottoman Empire wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids after the Battle of Chaldiran.
  • 1516- 17: The Ottomans defeat the Mamluks and gain control of Egypt, Arabia, and the Levant.
  • 1517: The Protestant Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Saxony.
  • 1519- 21: Hernán Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

1520s

  • 1520- 66: The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent marks the zenith of the Ottoman Empire.
  • 1521: Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman Empire.
  • 1523: Sweden gains independence from the Kalmar Union.
  • 1524- 25: Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
  • 1526: The Ottomans conquer the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács.
  • 1526: Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, rules India until 1857.
  • 1527: Sack of Rome is considered the end of the Italian Renaissance.
  • 1529: The Siege of Vienna marks the Ottoman Empire's furthest advance into Europe.
Henry VIII King of England and Irelandby Hans Holbein the Younger.
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Henry VIII
King of England and Ireland
by Hans Holbein the Younger.

1530s

1540s

  • 1543: The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan.
Oda Nobunaga.
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Oda Nobunaga.

1550s

  • 1550- 1551: Valladolid debate concerning the existence of souls in Amerindians
  • 1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan.
  • 1553: Portuguese founded a settlement at Macau.
  • 1555: The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company.
  • 1556: The Shaanxi Earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake.
  • 1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate.
  • 1556- 1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests.
  • 1558- 1603: The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance.
  • 1558- 83: Livonian War between Poland, Sweden, Denmark and Russia.
  • 1558: After 200 years, the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France.
  • 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude.

1560s

  • 1562- 98: French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots.
  • 1566- 1648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.
  • 1568- 1600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan.
  • 1569: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795.

1570s

1580s

  • 1580: After the struggle for the throne of Portugal, the Portuguese Empire comes to an end and the Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years.
  • 1582: Yermak Timofeyevich conquers the Siberia Khanate on behalf of the Stroganovs.
  • 1584- 85: After the Siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants fled to Amsterdam.
  • 1585- 1604: The Anglo-Spanish War is fought on both sides of the Atlantic.
  • 1588: England repulses the Spanish Armada.
  • 1589: Spain repulses the English Armada.

1590s

  • 1592- 98: Korea, with the help of Ming Dynasty China, repelled two Japanese invasions.
  • 1598: The Edict of Nantes ended the French Wars of Religion.
  • 1598- 1613: Russia descended into anarchy during the Time of Troubles.
  • 1600: The British East India Company was chartered.

Significant people

  • Henry VII of England, founder of the Tudor dynasty. Introduced ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation which restored the kingdom after a state of virtual bankruptcy due to the effects of the Wars of the Roses ( 1457 - 1509).
  • Leonardo Da Vinci famous artist and inventor and scientist.
  • Pedro Álvares Cabral, first European to arrive in Brazil in 22 April 1500 (c. 1467 - 1520).
  • Zygmunt I the Old, King of Poland, established a conscription army and the bureaucracy needed to finance it ( 1467 - 1548).
  • Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator, first one to sail around the Cape of Good Hope (c. 1469 - 1524).
  • György Dózsa, leader of the peasants' revolt in Hungary ( 1470 - 1514)
  • Nicolaus Copernicus, developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory using scientific methods ( 1473 - 1543).
  • Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter and sculptor ( 1475 - 1564).
  • Thomas More, English politician and author ( 1478 - 1535).
  • Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese navigator who sailed around the world ( 1480 - 1521).
  • Martin Luther, German religious reformer ( 1483 - 1546).
  • Hernán Cortés, Spanish Conquistador ( 1485 - 1547).
  • King Henry VIII of England, founder of Anglicanism ( 1491 - 1547).
  • Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus ( 1491 - 1556).
  • François Rabelais, French author (c. 1493 - 1553).
  • King Francis I of France, considered the first Renaissance monarch of his Kingdom ( 1494 - 1547).
  • Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Conqueror and legal reformer ( 1494 - 1566).
  • King Gustav I of Sweden, restored Swedish sovereignty and introduced Protestantism in Sweden ( 1496- 1560).
  • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the first to reign as King of Spain. Involved in almost constant conflict with France and the Ottoman Empire while promoting the Spanish colonization of the Americas ( 1500 - 1558).
  • Cuauhtémoc, the last Tlatoani of the Aztec, led the native resistance against the Conquistadores ( 1502 - 1525).
  • Michel Nostradamus, French astrologer and doctor, author of Les Propheties, a book of world prophecies ( 1503 - 1566).
  • Mikolaj Rej, Polish writer ( 1505 - 1569).
  • Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Somali Imam and general ( 1507 - 1543).
  • John Calvin, theologian, and reformer. Founder of Calvinism ( 1509 - 1564).
  • Mary I of England. Attempted to counter the Protestant Reformation in her domains. Nick-named Bloody Mary for her Religious persecution ( 1516 - 1558).
  • Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (c. 1524 – 1580).
  • Pierre de Ronsard, French poet. Called the 'Prince of poets' of his generation. ( 1524 – 1585).
  • Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian Composer ( 1525 - 1594)
  • King Philip II of Spain, self-proclaimed leader of Counter-Reformation ( 1527 - 1598).
  • Ivan IV of Russia, first Russian tsar ( 1533- 1584).
  • William the Silent, William I of Orange-Nassau, main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish ( 1533- 1584).
  • Michel de Montaigne, French essayist ( 1533 – 1592).
  • Elizabeth I of England, central figure of the Elizabethan era ( 1533 - 1603).
  • Oda Nobunaga , daimyo of the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. First ruler of the Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 1534 - 1582).
  • Toyotomi Hideyoshi , daimyo of the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. Second ruler of the Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 1536 - 1598).
  • Edward VI of England, notable for further differentiating Anglicanism from the practices of the Roman Catholic Church ( 1537 - 1553).
  • Lady Jane Grey, Queen regnant of England and Ireland. Notably deposed by popular revolt ( 1537 - 1554).
  • Mary I of Scotland, First female head of the House of Stuart ( 1542 - 1587).
  • Admiral Yi Sun-sin , respected as one of the greatest admirals and military leaders in world history. ( 1545 - 1598).
  • Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author ( 1547 - 1616).
  • Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher and astronomer/astrologer ( 1548 - 1600).
  • King Henry IV of France and Navarre, ended the French Wars of Religion and reunited the kingdom under his command ( 1553 - 1610).
  • Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist ( 1562 – 1635).
  • Christopher Marlowe, English poet and dramatist ( 1564 – 1593).
  • William Shakespeare, English author ( 1564 - 1616).
  • John Donne, English metaphysical poet ( 1572 - 1631)
  • Miyamoto Musashi, famous warrior in Japan, author of The Book of Five Rings, a treaty on strategy and martial combat. ( 1584 - 1645)
  • John Ford, English dramatist ( 1586 - c. 1640).

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 16th century inventions

  • The Columbian Exchange introduces many plants, animals and diseases to the Old and New Worlds.
  • Introduction of the spinning wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe.
  • Modern square root symbol (√ )
  • The letter J is introduced into the English alphabet.
  • Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun ( 1543)
  • Gregorian Calendar adopted by Catholic countries ( 1582)
  • 1513: Juan Ponce de León sights Florida and Vasco Núñez de Balboa sights the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean.
  • 1519- 22: Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano lead the first circumnavigation of the World.
  • 1540: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyon.
  • 1541- 42: Francisco de Orellana sails the length of the Amazon River.
  • 1597: Opera in Florence by Jacopo Peri
  • 1500: First portable watch created by Peter Henlein of Germany
  • 1545: Theory of complex numbers first developed by Gerolamo Cardamo of Italy.
  • 1558: Camera obscura first used by Giambattista della Porta of Italy
  • 1582: Gregorian calender introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIII
  • 1565: Invention of the graphite pencil (in a wooden holder) by Conrad Gesner. Modernized in 1812.
  • 1568: Gerardus Mercator created the first Mercator Projection Map
  • c. 1583: Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy identified the constant swing of a pendulum, leading to development of reliable timekeepers
  • 1591: First flush toilet introduced by Sir John Harrington of England, the design published under the title 'The Metamorphosis of Ajax'

Decades and years

1490s 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499
1500s 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509
1510s 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519
1520s 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529
1530s 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539
1540s 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549
1550s 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559
1560s 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569
1570s 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579
1580s 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589
1590s 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599
1600s 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609
Millennium Century
4th BC: 40th BC 39th BC 38th BC 37th BC 36th BC 35th BC 34th BC 33rd BC 32nd BC 31st BC
3rd BC: 30th BC 29th BC 28th BC 27th BC 26th BC 25th BC 24th BC 23rd BC 22nd BC 21st BC
2nd BC: 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC
1st BC: 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC
1st:   1st   2nd   3rd   4th   5th   6th   7th   8th   9th 10th
2nd: 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
3rd: 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th
4th: 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th
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